Category
Cave Conditions & Safety
Foul Air Underground: What Cavers Should Know About CO2 and Ventilation
Bad air is a real, if uncommon, caving hazard — and unlike a slippery ledge or a loose rock, it's completely invisible until it's already affecting you. Here's how it happens and how cavers manage the risk.
Bad Air: Why It's Invisible, and Why You Leave
Elevated CO2 and low oxygen underground don't announce themselves the way a slippery ledge does. Here's the actual arithmetic behind a bad-air planning estimate, worked with real numbers — and why the honest answer is still always leave, not calculate your way to staying.